Progress in protein extraction methods for fungal identification with MALDI-TOF MS / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

With the development of techniques for rapid microbial identification, MALDI-TOF MS has become an important tool for clinical identification of fungi. Problems such as the applicability and standardization of protein extraction methods have hindered the development of MALDI-TOF MS technology in the fungal field. This paper analyzed the complex structure of fungal cell walls, introduced the protein extraction methods recommended by MALDI-TOF MS commercial mass spectrometry systems, discussed the protein extraction methods for the identification of various genera of yeast-like fungi and filamentous fungi by MALDI-TOF MS, such as direct smear method, formic acid acetonitrile extraction method and magnetic bead grinding method, and summarized the current status and drawbacks of protein extraction methods in fungal identification by MALDI-TOF MS with a view to providing theoretical reference for subsequent research.

Establishment of the reference intervals of four biochemical parameters for liver function among adults in Changchun, China based on the indirect method / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To establish the reference intervals (RIs) of the four biochemical parameters for liver function [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] in adults by using the indirect method based on the data of subjects undergoing physical examination in laboratory information system (LIS). Methods With the help of the LIS, related data were collected from the healthy adults who underwent physical examination in Physical Examination Center of The First Hospital of Jilin University from October 2019 to October 2020. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normal distribution of the original data; data with skewed distribution were transformed into data with approximate normal distribution using the BOX-COX method; the Turkey method was used to remove outliers; the Mann-Whitney U test or the Z -test was used for comparison between groups; the non-parametric method was used to calculate RIs. Results A total of 27 218 subjects were included after the removal of outliers. All four parameters showed age and sex differences. The RIs of AST were 14-39 U/L for male individuals aged 20-79 years, 12-32 U/L for female individuals aged 20-49 years, and 14-39 U/L for female individuals aged 50-79 years; the RIs of ALT were 10-71 U/L for male individuals aged 20-54 years, 10-49 U/L for male individuals aged 55-79 years, 7-43 U/L for female individuals aged 20-49 years, and 9-49 U/L for female individuals aged 50-79 years; the RIs of GGT were 11-70 U/L for male individuals aged 20-64 years, 10-64 U/L for male individuals aged 65-79 years, 6-45 U/L for female individuals aged 20-49 years, and 7-54 U/L for female individuals aged 50-79 years; the RIs of ALP were 38-96 U/L for male individuals aged 20-79 years, 33-89 U/L for female individuals aged 20-49 years, and 40-106 U/L for female individuals aged 50-79 years. The RIs of AST, ALT, and GGT established in this study were similar to those in the industry standards of China (relative deviation < reference change value), and the RIs of all four biochemical parameters were verified by applicability. Conclusion The RIs of the four biochemical parameters for liver function established by the indirect method are relatively consistent with those established by the direct method, which holds promise for application in clinical laboratory.

Establishing reference intervals of thyroid hormone based on a laboratory information system / 中华内科杂志

Objective@#To establish reference intervals (RIs) of thyroid hormone based on data from healthy subjects in laboratory information system (LIS) by indirect methods.@*Methods@#Data were selected from the physical examination center in LIS of the First Hospital of Jilin University from May 2014 to December 2018. The normal distribution of the original data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Skewed data were transformed into normal distribution using BOX-COX techniques, and outliers were identified by the Turkey method. The continuous percentile curve was established by coefficient of skewness-median-coefficient of variation(LMS) methods. Cut-off value of age was determined by decision trees, and the differences between groups were verified by Z-tests. P2.5 and P97.5 in the RIs were analyzed by non-parametric methods.@*Results@#A total of 45 742 subjects were included in the study. There were no differences in the RI for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among age groups or between men and women (Z<Z*), and the RI was 0.60-4.41mIU/L (20-79 years old). However, the levels of free triiodothyronine(FT3) decreased with age in males and females under 35-year-old. The RIs for FT3 were 4.47-6.44pmol/L (20-44 years old), 4.19-6.21pmol/L (45-64 years old) and 3.90-5.85pmol/L (65-79 years old) in males, and 4.04-6.13pmol/L (20-34 years old) and 3.87-5.76pmol/L (35-79 years old) in females, respectively. The levels of free thyroxine(FT4) in men were higher than those in women from 20 to 49 years old, and no gender and age differences could be viewed in subjects after 50 years old (Z<Z*). The RIs for FT4 were 13.69-21.76pmol/L (male, 20-49 years old), 12.99-20.83pmol/L (female, 20-49 years old) and 12.98-21.21pmol/L (50~79 years old).@*Conclusion@#Establishment of RIs of thyroid hormone based on the data from LIS is simple and reliable, which is suitable for clinical laboratory application.

Periodic revalidation of autoverification for blood analysis and its suitability evaluation of application / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To conduct periodic revalidation of the 15 items and 43 terms autoverification rules of blood analysis after 1 year of application, analyze the application suitability and make the rules improved.Methods:Track the results of 528 010 blood analysis samples of our hospital from August 1, 2019 to January 31, 2020, and analyze the pass rate and interception rate of autoverification; 600 specimens in total were selected randomly for microscope examination, including 300 specimens which touched autoverification rules (1 012 items of autoverification rules) and were intercepted by autoverification and 300 specimens which untouched autoverification rules and were released by autoverification. The abnormal characteristics and unacceptable Delta check of the specimens also need to be concerned at the same time.The false negative rate and false positive rate, true negative rate, true positive rate and pass correct rate of autoverification were verified and compared with the rate of the second phase verification when the autoverification rule was established. The false negative rate, false positive rate, true negative rate and true positive rate of the Delta check rule which 54 716 specimens touched were calculated and compared with the second phase verification rate when the autoverification rule was established.The results of microscopic examination were used as the gold standard for the calculation of the rates, and P<0.05 was considered as a significant difference. The false positive and true positive of 1 012 autoverification rules were analyzed item by item.The false positive and true positive of 108 specimens which touched blast cell autoverification rule were analyzed terms by terms. The mean TAT and median TAT of 528 010 specimens and 193 750 outpatient specimens were calculated respectively, and the report percentages of 528 010 samples that TAT<30, 30-60　and>60 min were calculated respectively. Analyze and evaluate the application suitability of autoverification rules to juge whether they meet the needs of doctors and laboratory. The design process and the rules and application process of autoverification were optimized and improved.Results:The autoverification pass rate was 63.06% (332 971/528 010), the interception rate was 36.94% (195 039/528 010). The false negative rate was 1.00% (1/600), the false positive rate was 12.67% (76/600), the true negative rate was 49% (294/600), the true positive rate was 37.33% (224/600), and the correct rate was 98% (294/300). The pass rate, true negative rate, true positive rate and correct rate of the periodic reverification group were higher than the second phase verification group, the false negative rate and false positive rate were lower than that the second phase verification group. The false negative rate and true positive rate of the Delta check of periodic verification group were lower than that the second phase verification group, the false positive rate and true negative rate were higher than the second phase verification group, there were significant differences in the comparition results. The mean TAT of 528 010 specimens was25 min, and the median TAT was 22 min. The mean TAT of 193 750 outpatient specimens was 23 min, and the median TAT was 20 min. The report percentages of 528 010 samples that TAT<30 min, 30 min-60 min and>60 min were 83.30% (439 819/528 010), 8.00% (42 250/528 010) and 8.70% (45 941/528 010), respectively.Conclusion:The results of periodic revalidation of autoverification after 1 years application show that the 15 items and 43 terms autoverification rules of blood analysis could meet requirements about the accuracy and efficiency of the laboratory, and have a good suitability for application.

Establishing reference intervals of thyroid hormone based on a laboratory information system / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To establish reference intervals (RIs) of thyroid hormone based on data from healthy subjects in laboratory information system (LIS) by indirect methods.Methods:Data were selected from the physical examination center in LIS of the First Hospital of Jilin University from May 2014 to December 2018. The normal distribution of the original data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Skewed data were transformed into normal distribution using BOX-COX techniques, and outliers were identified by the Turkey method. The continuous percentile curve was established by coefficient of skewness-median-coefficient of variation(LMS) methods. Cut-off value of age was determined by decision trees, and the differences between groups were verified by Z-tests. P2.5 and P97.5 in the RIs were analyzed by non-parametric methods. Results:A total of 45 742 subjects were included in the study. There were no differences in the RI for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among age groups or between men and women ( Z<Z*), and the RI was 0.60-4.41mIU/L (20-79 years old). However, the levels of free triiodothyronine(FT 3) decreased with age in males and females under 35-year-old. The RIs for FT 3 were 4.47-6.44pmol/L (20-44 years old), 4.19-6.21pmol/L (45-64 years old) and 3.90-5.85pmol/L (65-79 years old) in males, and 4.04-6.13pmol/L (20-34 years old) and 3.87-5.76pmol/L (35-79 years old) in females, respectively. The levels of free thyroxine(FT 4) in men were higher than those in women from 20 to 49 years old, and no gender and age differences could be viewed in subjects after 50 years old ( Z<Z*). The RIs for FT 4 were 13.69-21.76pmol/L (male, 20-49 years old), 12.99-20.83pmol/L (female, 20-49 years old) and 12.98-21.21pmol/L (50~79 years old). Conclusion:Establishment of RIs of thyroid hormone based on the data from LIS is simple and reliable, which is suitable for clinical laboratory application.

Validation of reference intervals for common clinical biochemistry tests / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To verify the Standards Reference Intervals for Common Clinical Biochemistry Tests and to determine if the standards are suitable for Jilin area.Methods Healthy Han reference individuals at 20-＜80years old were selected as reference individuals and there were more than 30cases for each sex in every 10years old group.The blood samples were detected by HITACHI 7600-210automatic biochemical analyzer.Differences between sex and age for 8clinical chemistry parameters were evaluated and distribution in range of reference individuals were analyzed.Results The levels of albumin among different age periods of male were shown a downward trend.The levels of AST in male, ALP and GGT in female were shown a upward trend with the growth of age.The levels of ALT in female, ALT and GGT in male were shown an upward trend at 20-＜60years old, while a downward trend was shown at 60-＜80years old.Nevertheless, the average levels of all the groups were within the recommended reference intervals.Over 94％of verification for eight common clinical biochemistry tests (6subgroups for male and 6subgroups for female) were in the reference range and all passed validation.Conclusion Standards Reference Intervals for Common Clinical Biochemistry Tests are applicable to Chinese Han population in Jilin area.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Chinese patients with tuberculosis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Based on reports, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is believed to induce the development of antibodies that are considered to be biological indicators for the diagnosis of some other diseases. However, conflicting results have been published regarding the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in patients with tuberculosis. We aim to study the seroprevalence of ANCA in a population of Chinese patients with tuberculosis, which may lead to the misdiagnosis of vasculitic disorders. METHODS: The study was conducted from January 2016 to May 2017 to evaluate the presence of ANCA in 103 Chinese patients using indirect immunofluorescent assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) and anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) detection. RESULTS: Perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) was detected in 4.8% (5/103) of patients, whereas cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) was not detected; 1.9% (2/103) of patients with tuberculosis was positive for anti-MPO antibodies, and none had anti-PR3 antibodies. Both anti-MPO-positive patients were diagnosed with ANCA-associated vasculitides. CONCLUSIONS: ANCA positivity may be more related to vasculitis and immunological disorders than to a M. tuberculosis infection. Therefore, to improve diagnostic accuracy, patients with M. tuberculosis who are ANCA positive should be investigated for concurrent diseases, including the effects of drugs. Therefore, even in tuberculosis epidemic area, ANCA seropositivity, detected by ELISA, is still more suggestive of ANCA-associated vasculitides.

Research Progress on the Notice of Informed Consent Ethical Review Involved Gene Information Detection / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To summarize the notice of informed consent about gene information detection,and to provide a reference for ethical review of informed consent in clinical research involved gene information detection.Methods:We researched domestic and foreign literatures about gene information detection involved informed consent and comprehensively analyzed them.Results:Gene information detection caused the individual,family,and social aspects of privacy issues,and the right not to know gene information detection had been widely recognized.Informed consent was adopted in informed consent,which not only was respect for personal dignity and autonomy,but also was conducive to the effective use of gene resources.It should construct reasonable procedural system in le gal protection,guarantee the voluntary and authenticity of consent,and put it into practice.Based on the establishment of the right not to know,the Chinese law should also prohibit the implementation of gene detection or provision of gene information put forward by employers and insurance companies.In addition,it is strictly prohibited to detect infant incurable disease genes.Conclusion:In the ethical review of clinical research,when the conflict arises,it is necessary to design informed consent to resolve the conflict between the individuals' rights not to know and their personal health benefits,and to establish reasonable procedures in legislation to ensure the implementation of informed consent.

Informed Consent of Clinical Research Involving in Children / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To summarize the existing problems and countermeasures of informed consent when children,one of the vulnerable groups in China,participate in clinical research,and further to provide reference for ethical review.Methods:We reviewed and comprehensively analyzed the domestic literatures that involved children and required informed consent.Results:Aiming at the unique physiological and psychological cognitive characteristics of children,this paper expounded the rationality of children's participation in clinical research and the timing of choice.It emphasized the existing problems in the process of informed consent such as inadequate informing,verbal acknowledgement,too long or too short time informed by the doctor-in-charge,as well as overspecialization of informed consent,inductive language,not describing potential risks and other incomplete information disclosure.According to these problems,the paper put forward some countermeasures.Conclusions:Informed consent of children's participation in clinical research should follow the general principles,consider children's characteristics,respect their willingness,and avoid unnecessary harm.

Application study on content -based instruction teaching in respiratory medicine English teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To discuss the application effects of CBI teaching method in medical English Teaching of respiration medicine. Methods Dividing 120 students of Grade 2009 in Jining Medical College into two groups including control group (60) and experimental group (60). The tradi-tional teaching method was adopted in the control group and CBI teaching method was adopted in the experimental group. After finishing the courses, medical professional English level test and standard-ized patients test were applied in the two groups. Students' English studying interests and autonomous English learning ability were also investigated by questionnalres. SPSS 17.0 software was used for sta-tistical analysis, and the data were processed by t test and 字2 test, with the level of a test equal to 0.05. Results The medical professional English level test scores, standardized patients test scores and the total average scores of autonomous English learning ability in experimental group were respectively [(81.97±4.91), (80.33±5.85), (3.88±0.38)], and they were significantly higher than those in the control group [(70.40±4.78), (70.48± 4.79), (2.98±0.26), with P values below 0.01]. Satisfaction degrees in the improvement of learning motivation, learning time, learning method, learning attitude and dealing with study difficulties in experimental group were better than those of control group (χ2=13.084, 8.000, 13.297, 11.627, 13.374, P=0.000). Conclusion CBI teaching method is better than traditional teaching method and it transfers English learning into the learning of professional knowledge and skills of respiratory medicine, stirs the interests of students, improves their autonomous English learning ability and strengthens their abilities to learn and apply English language.

Application of Y chromosome specific probe to the detection of expression of endothelial progenitor cells grafted in the injured lung tissues of rats / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the efficient methods used for tracing endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)after transplantation in injured lung tissue.Methods Thirty clean grade healthy syngeneic SD female rats were divided into three experimental groups(n =10):(1)sham group,rats treated with intravenous phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)instead of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)followed by EPCs graft;(2)PBS-treated group,rats treated with intravenous PBS after intravenous injection of LPS to produce acute lung injury;(3)EPC-treated group,rats treated with EPCs after intravenous injection of LPS to produce acute lung injury.The transplanted EPCs were got from the same genetic species of the SD male rats.Rats of each group were sacrificed 7 days after EPCs transplantation.Their whole lung tissues were harvested to detect the expression of Y-chromosome by using hybridization in situ and RT-PCR assay.Statistic package of SPSS16.0 was used for the data analysis and significant differences between means were evaluated by ANOVA analysis.Results Compared with the other two groups,positive signals of sex-determining region y were found in lung endothelium from the EPC-treated group.Conclusions Y chromosme specific probe can be one of efficient methods for tracing stem cells after transplantation.

Antimicrobial Resistance Among Klebsiella .spp Isolated in 5 Consecutive Years in Our Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the variance of antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella.spp isolated in our hospital during the recent 5 years.METHODS:Disk diffusion test was used to study the anti microbial resistance.The results were evaluated based on the criteria recommended by American Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.The data analysis was performed using WHONET-5software.RESULTS:Atotal of 840 strains of Klebsiella.spp were collected fromour hospital during2003～2007,of which,59.3% were fromrespiratory secretion speci men,12.0%fromblood speci men,and10.1% from secretions.The detection rate of ESBLs-producing Klebsiella.spp was from51.0% to65.1%.No I mipenem-and Meropenem-resistant Klebsiella.spp strain was detected.Susceptibility test showed that Klebsiella.spp-producing ESBLs was multiple resistant,and the anti microbial resistance of Klebsiella.spp has increased year on year.CONCLUSION:Monitoring of the drug resistance of Klebsiella.spp should be strengthened.The variation of the anti microbial resistance of Klebsiella.spp should be noted so as to direct rational drug use in the clinic and prevent spreading of drug resistant strains.

The procedure problems and solution of CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of spinal diseases / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To discuss the procedural problems and solution correlatively of CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of spinal diseases,with simultaneous evaluation of the safety and clinical application.Methods Sixty-eight cases with spinal diseases were taken CT-guided percutaneous biopsy under local anesthesia and CT guidance,including 9 in cervical spine,19 in thoracic spine,28 in lumbar spine and 12 in sacral spine.The program of carrying out the procedure was decided according to the site,approach route of the lesion with the destination of sampling,under CT guidance.Results The successful rate of needle puncture was 100%(68/68)with diagnostic accuracy of 92.6%(63/68),and false-negative rate of 7.4%(5/68),together with complications rate of 5.9%(4/68).Conclusions CT-guided vertebral biopsy is safe,reliable,less complication,high accuracy and together with clear demonstration of the position of puncture needle and the complex anatomic structures nearby,providing basic information for further clinical treatment and worthy to be recommended.

Value of Radiological Equipment of Injury Treatment in Earthquake / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To explore the clinical value of radiological equipment for injury treatment in earthquake. Methods s One hundred and forty-three cases of the injury in earthquake using radiological equipment were analyzed retrospectively. Resultss All of the cases were performed X-ray plain film examination, CT in 78 cases and MRI in 19 cases. Imaging examination could establish definitive diagnosis in 143 cases of the injury in earthquake. Conclusion Radiological equipment is the most valuable examination equipment in diagnosis of the injury in earthquake.

Research on Resident Prescription and Dispensing System / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To study and establish the automatic resident prescription system and automatic dispensing system in Center Drug Store based on NO.1 Military Project. Methods According to the Prescription Administrative Policy (2007, Chinese Ministry of Health), automatic system was designed to link each drug store of different departments to the center drug store. Results It is proved that the design is appropriate according to the application of this system in many military hospitals. Conclusion The system not only gives a good administration of drug, but also decreases the work load and increase work efficiency of center drug store.

Clinical characteristics and treatment strategy of acute renal failure induced by crush syndrome after earthquake / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics of acute renal failure ( ARF) induced by crush syndrome after Wenchuan earthquake,and summarize the rational and effective treatment managements of this kind of ARF. Methods The case histories of 12 patients diagnosed as ARF related to the crush syndrome in Wenchuan earthquake were pigeonholed. In order to evaluate the curative effects of the clinical features,laboratorial examination,continuous renal replacement therapy ( CRRT) and cure time were ana- lyzed. Results Anaemia,fever and lung infection were frequently happened in the patients diagnosed as ARF,and the frequency was 91. 67% ,66. 67% and 58. 33% respectively. Pleural effusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS) were noted in 41. 67% of the patients,and the increase of transaminase was noted as 91. 67% . Hypocalcaemia,hypoproteinemia and marked increase of creatine kinase ( CK) appeared in all patients. The patients with CK value exceeded 3 000 IU/L were received CRRT,and there was marked relativity between these 2 variables ( r =0. 845) for the treatment of ARF. Although the proportion of CRRT practiced highly in patients with oliguria,fasciotomies and amputations,there was no significant difference when compared with closed injury and non-oliguria patients ( P = 0. 522 7) . Compared with patients without infections,wound infections were obviously delayed the cure time of ARF ( P = 0. 025 5) . Conclusion As compared with ARF from other causes,ARF related to the crush syndrome has unique characteristics,and easily complicates with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Among the treatments, heteropathy and renalreplacement therapy are frequently used. Thorough debridement and infection control are beneficial to renal function recovery.

Correlation between flagellin and TNF-? in acute lung injuries induced by sepsis in rats / 解放军医学杂志

Objective The aim of present study was to observe the correlation between flagellin and tumor necrosis factor ?(TNF-?)in rats with sepsis-induced acute lung injury(ALI).Methods A total of 120 male healthy Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups:sepsis group which was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP),and sham operated group which underwent laparotomy only.All the indexes were observed at the time points of 2h,4h,6h,12h,24h and 48h after operation.Changes in partial pressure of oxygen in artery(PaO2)were determined by blood gas analysis.Pathological changes in pulmonary-tissue were observed by light microscopy.The levels of flagellin in serum,bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pneumono-homogenate,as well as TNF-? of serum,were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results Rats with acute lung injury induced by sepsis was successfully reproduced.The PaO2 of sepsis group significantly decreased at 12h after injury and reached the lowest point at 48h after injury.PaO2 of sepsis group was remarkably lower than that of sham operated group at the time points of 12h,24h and 48h after injury(P

Several issues to be stressed by hospital directors under the new circumstances / 中华医院管理杂志

With the constant development of economic globalization and the growth of knowledge economy, hospitals are confronted with severe challenges and are development opportunities. As leaders of their institutions, hospital directors ought to correctly appraise the situation and attach importance to the following five issues: ①scientific and technological innovations; ②development of unique key specialties; ③cultivation of top notch personnel; ④amplification and perfection of market oriented operational mechanisms; and ⑤team building for joint tackling of key problems. Only in this way can the intensional building of hospitals be enhanced and the competitiveness of them strengthened.

Changes of the Resistance of Common Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated During the Past 5 Consecutive Years in Our Hospital to Quinolones / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of the resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated in the First Clinical Hospital of Jilin University during the past 5 years to quinolones.METHODS: Disk diffusion test was used to study the susceptibility test,with the results evaluated based on US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI).WHONET-5 software was used to analyze the drug resistance data.RESULTS: During 2003～2007,the detection rates of extended spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella.spp were 43.6%～60.1% and 51.0%～65.1%,respectively;the detection rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus(MRSCN) were 50.8%～83.3% and 80.0%～81.5%,respectively;the resistance of common pathogenic bacteria to quinolones showed an increasing tendency,much as in MRSA,MRSCN,feces enterococci,Enterococcus faecalis,and Escherichia coli.CONCLUSION: Monitoring of the resistance of common pathogenic bacteria to quinolones should be strengthened.The change of the antimicrobial resistance should be investigated in order to direct rational drug use in the clinic and prevent the propagation of drug-resistant strains.

Writing Specifications and Analysis of Frequently Asked Questions of Electronic Medical Record / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To emphasize the correlation and concordance of electronic medical record through analysis of frequently asked problems on handwritten medical record.Methods The problems of electronic medical record were classified and found the typical cases to analyze.Results In order to improve the quality of medical record,the quality control of electronic medical record must be strengthened and the phenomenon that some doctors pay attention to hand-written med-ical record more than electronic medical record must be overcame.Conclusion The normative management of electronics medical is strengthened that is fundamental guarantee for paper-based medical records.